Global Issues: Politics, Economics, and Cultural by Richard Payne.

Global Issues
Politics, Economics, and Culture

Fifth Edition

Richard J. Payne
Illinois State University

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Payne, Richard J., 1949-
Title: Global issues : politics, economics, and culture / Richard J. Payne,
Illinois State University.
Description: Fifth edition. | Boston : Pearson, 2016. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015037527| ISBN 9780134202051 (alk. paper) | ISBN 0134202058 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Globalization—Textbooks. | World politics—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC JZ1318 .P39 2015 | DDC 303.48/2—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015037527

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN-10: 0-13-420205-8
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-420205-1

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To Elaine Cook Graybill and Alyson Sue McMillen

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Brief Contents

Preface ix

Maps xv

1 Global Issues: Challenges
of Globalization 1

2 The Struggle for Primacy in a
Global Society 15

3 Human Rights 26
4 Promoting Democracy 41
5 Global Terrorism 54
6 Weapons Proliferation 71
7 The Global Financial Crisis 83
8 Global Trade 94

9 Global Inequality and Poverty 111
10 Environmental Issues 128
11 Population and Migration 143
12 Global Crime 158
13 Global Health Challenges 173
14 Cultural Clashes and Conflict

Resolution 187

References 201

Glossary 205

Credits 214

Index 215

iv

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Preface ix

Maps xv

1 Global Issues: Challenges of
Globalization 1

1.1: From International Relations to Global Issues 2

1.2: Pluralism and Interdependence 3

1.3: The Growth of the Modern State 4

1.4: Sovereignty 4
1.4.1: The Decline of Sovereignty 5

1.5: The European Union: Redefining Sovereignty 6

1.6: The Rise of Nonstate Actors 6
1.6.1: The Catholic Church 7
1.6.2: Transnational Corporations 7

1.7: Interdependence and Globalization 7

1.8: Causes of Globalization 7

1.9: Forms of Globalization 9
1.9.1: Economic Globalization 9
1.9.2: Financial Globalization 9
1.9.3: Political Globalization 10
1.9.4: Military Globalization 10
1.9.5: Cultural Globalization 10
1.9.6: Environmental Globalization 11
1.9.7: Criminal Globalization 11

1.10: Periods of Globalization 11

1.11: Resistance to Globalization 12

1.12: Debating Globalization 12

CASE STUDY Challenges Facing the Catholic
Church 13

Summary  14 • Discussion Questions  14

2 The Struggle for Primacy
in a Global Society 15

2.1: Power and Leadership 16

2.2: The Rise and Fall of Great Powers 17

2.3: Strategies for Maintaining Power 17
2.3.1: America’s Rise to Dominance 18

2.4: Challenging American Hegemony 19
2.4.1: China 19

2.5: Threats to U.S. Power: Emerging Powers
and Nonstate Actors 22

2.5.1: Domestic Threats to American
Hegemony 23
2.5.2: Will the United States Remain the
Dominant Power? 23

CASE STUDY Challenges Facing China 24

Summary  25 • Discussion Questions  25

3 Human Rights 26
3.1: Globalization and Human Rights 27

3.1.1: Nongovernmental Organizations
and Human Rights 27
3.1.2: Global Companies and Human Rights 28

3.2: Development of Human Rights 28
3.2.1: Social Contract Theories and Human Rights 28
3.2.2: Utilitarianism, Libertarianism, and Marxism 29
3.2.3: Legal Positivism and Human Rights 29
3.2.4: Globalization of Human Rights: The Universal
Declaration of Human Rights 29

3.3: Philosophical Controversies Over Human Rights 30
3.3.1: Universalism Versus Cultural Relativism 30
3.3.2: Individuals and Communities 30
3.3.3: Relationship Between Rights and Obligations 31
3.3.4: Prioritizing Human Rights 31
3.3.5: Absolutism Versus Consequentialism 31

3.4: Human Rights Regimes 31

3.5: Enforcing Human Rights Globally 32
3.5.1: Sanctions 32
3.5.2: Humanitarian Intervention: Responsibility
to Protect 33
3.5.3: Responding to Genocide 33
3.5.4: The International Criminal Court 34

3.6: Women and Human Rights 35
3.6.1: Sexual Violence: Rape as a Weapon of War 36

3.7: People with Disabilities and Human Rights 37

3.8: Islam and Human Rights 37

3.9: Fighting Terrorism and Protecting Human Rights 38

3.10: The Death Penalty and Human Rights 38

CASE STUDY Homosexuals and Human Rights 39

Summary  40 • Discussion Questions  40

4 Promoting Democracy 41
4.1: Democracy 42

4.1.1: Political Participation and Democracy 43
4.1.2: Women’s Political Participation and Democracy 43
4.1.3: Factors Conducive to Democracy 44
4.1.4: Promoting Democracy 45
4.1.5: Global Civil Society and the Promotion
of Democracy 45
4.1.6: The Promotion of Democracy by the
United States 46
4.1.7: Imposing Democracy by Force in Iraq 46

4.2: Transitions to Democracy 47
4.2.1: Latin America 48
4.2.2: Russia 49

Contents

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4.2.3: Myanmar 50
4.2.4: Islam and Democracy in the Middle East 50

4.3: Global Governance and Democracy 51
4.3.1: International Regimes 51
4.3.2: Making Global Institutions More Democratic 51

CASE STUDY Democratic Transitions
in the Middle East and North Africa 52

Summary  53 • Discussion Questions  53

5 Global Terrorism 54
5.1: Defining Terrorism 55

5.2: Factors Conducive to Terrorism 56

5.3: Goals, Strategies, and Weapons of Terrorism 57

5.4: Financing Terrorism 57

5.5: The Costs of Terrorism 58
5.5.1: Costs to Individuals 58
5.5.2: Economic Costs 58
5.5.3: Costs to Governments 58
5.5.4: Foreign Policy Costs 59
5.5.5: Costs to Democracy 59

5.6: Kinds of Terrorism 59
5.6.1: Domestic Terrorism 60
5.6.2: Nationalist Terrorism 61
5.6.3: Religious Terrorism 64
5.6.4: State Terrorism 65
5.6.5: Global Terrorism 65
5.6.6: Lone Wolf Terrorism 66

5.7: Responding to Terrorism 67

5.8: Fighting Terrorism and Protecting Democracy 68

CASE STUDY Terrorism in Pakistan 68

Summary  69 • Discussion Questions  70

6 Weapons Proliferation 71
6.1: The Proliferation of Weapons 72

6.1.1: Reasons for the Proliferation of Weapons 72
6.1.2: The Proliferation of Small Arms 73

6.2: The Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 74
6.2.1: China and Japan 75
6.2.2: India and Pakistan 75
6.2.3: The Middle East 76
6.2.4: North Korea 77

6.3: America’s Nuclear Response to Nuclear
Proliferation 77

6.4: Chemical and Biological Weapons 78

6.5: Drones and Cyberweapons 79

6.6: Nonproliferation Regimes 79
6.6.1: Nuclear Nonproliferation 80
6.6.2: Curbing Chemical and Biological Weapons 81

CASE STUDY Countries That Abandoned Nuclear
Weapons Programs 81

Summary  82 • Discussion Questions  82

7 The Global Financial Crisis 83
7.1: Causes of the Global Financial Crisis 84

7.1.1: Deregulation of Financial Markets 85
7.1.2: Financial Innovations 85
7.1.3: Executive Compensation 86
7.1.4: Low Interest Rates 86
7.1.5: Subprime Loans 87
7.1.6: Speculation 87

7.2: The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis 88
7.2.1: Foreclosures 88
7.2.2: Decline in Manufacturing and Trade 89
7.2.3: High Youth Unemployment 89
7.2.4: Global Power Shift 89

7.3: Global Responses to the Financial Crisis 90
7.3.1: America’s Response 90
7.3.2: European Responses 90
7.3.3: China’s Response 91
7.3.4: Financial Regulations 91
7.3.5: Austerity Policies 92

CASE STUDY Ireland: The Decline
of the Celtic Tiger 92

Summary  93 • Discussion Questions  93

8 Global Trade 94
8.1: The Globalization of Free Trade 95

8.1.1: Exchange Rates, Budget Deficits, and Trade 98
8.1.2: Barriers to Free Trade 99
8.1.3: Do Trade Deficits Matter? 99

8.2: Global Companies and Global Factories 99
8.2.1: Insourcing 100
8.2.2: Safety at Global Factories 100

8.3: Global Trade and Low Wages 101
8.3.1: Sweatshops and Child Labor 102

8.4: Global Companies Promote Equality 102

8.5: Labor Unions and Global Trade 102

8.6: Global Trade Disputes 103
8.6.1: Tariffs 103
8.6.2: Quotas 104
8.6.3: Subsidies 104
8.6.4: Genetically Modified Food 105

8.7: Global Trade and the Environment 106
8.7.1: Diseases and Global Trade 106

8.8: Regional Trade Blocs 107
8.8.1: The European Union 107
8.8.2: The North American Free Trade Agreement 107
8.8.3: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations 108
8.8.4: The South American Common Market 108

CASE STUDY Global Food Safety 109

Summary  110 • Discussion Questions  110

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Contents vii

9 Global Inequality and Poverty 111
9.1: Does Inequality Matter? 112

9.2: The Globalization and Inequality Debate 113
9.2.1: Globalists Make Their Case 113
9.2.2: Antiglobalists Make Their Case 114

9.3: Global Inequality 115
9.3.1: Inequality Between Developed and
Developing Countries 115
9.3.2: Causes of Inequality Between Rich and Poor
Countries 116

9.4: Inequality Within Rich Countries 118
9.4.1: The United States 118
9.4.2: Causes of Inequality in America 119
9.4.3: Other Industrialized Countries 120

9.5: Inequality Within Poor Countries 120
9.5.1: Gender Inequality 122

9.6: Global Poverty 123
9.6.1: Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction 124

9.7: Closing the Gap 124

CASE STUDY Food Security and
Rising Food Prices 126

Summary  127 • Discussion Questions  127

10 Environmental Issues 128
10.1: The Globalization of Environmental Problems 129

10.1.1: Nongovernmental Organizations and
the Environment 130
10.1.2: Women and the Environment 130
10.1.3: Indigenous Peoples and the Environment 131
10.1.4: Strategies Used by Nongovernmental
Organizations 131

10.2: Biodiversity 132
10.2.1: Endangered Species and Wildlife Protection 132

10.3: Deforestation 134
10.3.1: Causes of Deforestation 134
10.3.2: Efforts to Prevent Deforestation 135
10.3.3: Ocean Resources—Fishing 135

10.4: Ocean Pollution 136

10.5: Global Warming and Climate Change 137

10.6: Water Scarcity 140

CASE STUDY The Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan 141

Summary  142 • Discussion Questions  142

11 Population and Migration 143
11.1: Population 144

11.1.1: Population Issues in Developing Countries 144
11.1.2: Population Issues in Developed Countries 145

11.2: Global Migration 146
11.2.1: Gender and Migration 147
11.2.2: Types of Migration 147
11.2.3: Causes of Migration 148

11.3: Push Factors 148
11.3.1: Refugees 149

11.4: Pull Factors 150

11.5: Case Studies 152
11.5.1: The United States 152
11.5.2: Western Europe 153
11.5.3: Australia 154

11.6: Social, Economic, and Political Implications
of Migration 155

11.6.1: The Impact of Migration on Sending Countries 155
11.6.2: The Impact of Migration on Receiving
Countries 156

CASE STUDY Global Aging and Pensions 156

Summary  157 • Discussion Questions  157

12 Global Crime 158
12.1: The Globalization of Crime 159

12.2: The Global Drug Problem 159
12.2.1: Efforts to Control the Drug Problem 161

12.3: Sexual Crimes 163

12.4: Global Smuggling of Migrants 164

12.5: Contemporary Slavery and Human Trafficking 165

12.6: Criminal Gangs and Kidnapping 166

12.7: Illegal Trade in Endangered Animals and Plants 167

12.8: Cybercrimes and Piracy 169
12.8.1: Piracy at Sea 169

12.9: Global Responses to Crime 170

CASE STUDY Government Corruption in India 171

Summary  172 • Discussion Questions  172

13 Global Health Challenges 173
13.1: Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) 174

13.1.1: The Impact of NCDs 174
13.1.2: Causes of NCDs 175
13.1.3: Major NCDs 176
13.1.4: Global Responses to NCDs 176

13.2: Globalization of Infectious Diseases 177
13.2.1: Global Travel and Communications 178

13.3: Human Security and Infectious Diseases 178

13.4: Infectious Diseases 178

13.5: Influenza and Avian Flu 180

13.6: Malaria 180

13.7: HIV/AIDS 181
13.7.1: Global Responses to AIDS 182

13.8: SARS 183

13.9: EBOLA 184

13.10: Global Responses to Infectious Diseases 184

CASE STUDY Obesity: A Global Epidemic 185

Summary  185 • Discussion Questions  186

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14 Cultural Clashes and Conflict
Resolution 187

14.1: Cultural Influences on Conflicts 188

14.2: Clashing Civilizations 188
14.2.1: The West and the Muslim World 189
14.2.2: The United States and Islam 189

14.3: Clashes Among Nations 190

14.4: Ethnic Conflicts 191
14.4.1: Ethnicity and Ethnic Identity 192
14.4.2: The Causes of Ethnic Conflict 192
14.4.3: Ethnic Clashes 193

14.5: Religious Violence 196

14.6: Resolving Cultural Conflicts 197
14.6.1: Negotiation 197

14.6.2: Peacekeeping and Humanitarian
Intervention 198
14.6.3: Peacemaking 198
14.6.4: Peacebuilding 198

CASE STUDY War in Afghanistan 199

Summary  200 • Discussion Questions  200

References 201

Glossary 205

Credits 214

Index 215

viii Contents

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Preface

T
he global financial crisis weakened the momentum
toward greater globalization. Most countries con-
tinue to want the benefits of globalization while

simultaneously enacting policies to diminish the costs of
globalization. This has led to the emergence of a new form
of globalization, gated globalization, which is character-
ized by more state intervention in the flow of money and
goods, increased regionalization of trade, and a deeper
emphasis on narrow national interests than on global co-
operation. At the same time, the globalization of problems
continues to erode the ability of individual governments
to effectively address their citizens’ concerns, which, in
turn, weakens bonds between individuals and states. This
trend is reinforced by global migration and the declining
significance of citizenship. Furthermore, global inequality
is reducing support for globalization. These developments
are underscored by growing nationalism and religious
and ethnic identity, especially in Western Europe, the
Middle East, Africa, eastern Ukraine, and Russia.

Global inequality is now a leading global issue. The
richest 0.5 percent of the world’s population owns roughly
one-third of the wealth. The globalized high-tech econ-
omy, which gives an unprecedented financial advantage
to highly educated and technologically innovative people,
widened the gap between the global elite and the middle
class. It also undermined the strong belief in the Ameri-
can dream of upward mobility. The failure of many gov-
ernments to effectively address inequality and high youth
unemployment has triggered massive protests globally, a
development aided by widespread access to communica-
tions technologies, especially social media.

Edward Snowden’s decision to leak massive amounts
of information from the National Security Agency about
America’s spying on its citizens, citizens of other coun-
tries, governments and their leaders, and international
organizations presented unprecedented consequences
for U.S. national security and foreign policy and the rela-
tionship between American government and Americans.
Their trust in their government has been undermined.
Close American allies such as Germany and Brazil ex-
pressed strong opposition to the monitoring of their lead-
ers’ personal phone calls. Responding to negative global
reaction, leading technology firms such as Microsoft and
Google stated that the American government in its quest
for absolute security had endangered individual privacy.

Social media and big data have emerged as potent
forces that are diminishing the significance of national
b s and profoundly influencing global politics,

economics, and culture. Social media provide a global
forum for mass participation, the exchange of ideas, the
instant dissemination of information, and individuals
to organize globally. Social media enhance the power of
the global middle class, thereby promoting democracy
and challenging the power of traditional institutions and
ideas. Global communications technologies also facilitate
the growth and severity of cybercrimes and underscore
the need for greater global cybersecurity for governments,
nonstate actors, and individuals.

Global food safety is an extremely important is-
sue. Global companies process and market food grown
in many different countries. It is difficult for consumers
to determine where food comes from. The emergence of
China as a major food exporter is heightening concerns
about food safety. Apart from the impact of excessive lev-
els of pollution on crops, China has a notorious reputa-
tion for deliberately contaminating and adulterating food.
Middle-class consumers globally are concerned about
genetically modified crops and are attempting to have
foods containing them labeled. Eliminating drug-resis-
tant bacteria and limiting the use of antibiotics on farms
and curbing their use in medicine are priorities of the U.S.
government. Companies such as McDonald’s, Costco, and
Wholesale Corp. are reducing the use of meat from ani-
mals that are raised on antibiotics.

The brutal gang rape and murder of an Indian college
student shocked the global community and underscored
the prevalence of sexual violence against women. It also
served as a catalyst for mobilizing global support to re-
duce sexual crimes. These efforts are reinforced by global
concerns about female genital mutilation and the growing
awareness in America of sexual assaults on college and
university campuses and in the military. The proliferation
of cybercrimes demonstrates our vulnerability to destruc-
tive forces largely beyond the individual ’s control. The
general global consensus that current approaches to the
global drug problem are counterproductive and harmful
is lessening global support for them. There is increasing
support for decriminalizing and legalizing marijuana.
Several states in America decriminalized or legalized the
sale and use of marijuana, and Uruguay became the first
country to legalize the production, sale, and consumption
of marijuana.

Concerns about global warming are reinforced by
the frequency of destructive storms such as Hurricane
Sandy in New York and Typhoon Haiyan in the Philip-
pines; droughts, forest fires, hotter weather, and floods

ix

A01_PAYN2051_05_SE_FM.indd 9 12/21/15 1:16 PM

globally; melting ice in the Arctic and Antarctica; and
rising sea levels, especially in the Pacific Ocean. Coral
reefs around the world, from the Great Barrier Reef of
Australia to Caribbean reefs, are dying, due partly to
rising sea temperatures linked to global warming. How-
ever, global preoccupation with economic problems re-
duces efforts to deal with the effects of climate change.
On the other hand, technological breakthroughs such
as fracking in the gas industry have dramatically in-
creased gas supplies in the United States. Lower costs
are influencing power plants to switch from coal to gas,
thereby reducing carbon emissions that contribute to
global warming.

Democratic transitions in most countries in the
Middle East and North Africa degenerated into vio-
lence, instability, and deteriorating economic condi-
tions. These fueled a massive refugee crisis in Syria.
Myanmar ’s peaceful transition to democracy, directed
by the military government, is a major development in
Southeast Asia and globally. Similarly, Tunisia and Ni-
geria’s peaceful transfer of power strengthened demo-
cratic transitions in those countries. The normalization
of relations between the United States and Cuba also
offers hope for democracy in Cuba.

Massive flows of refugees not seen since World
War II are creating a major global issue. This prob-
lem is aided by human trafficking. Italy and Malta
are experiencing unprecedented economic, political,
and social pressures from migrants from the Middle
East and Africa, most of whom are fleeing conflicts in
Syria and Libya that emanate from failed transitions
to democracy. Many are also economic migrants from
stable democracies such as Senegal and Ghana trying
to find better lives in Europe, especially in Germany
and Sweden. A humanitarian crisis has been caused by
the overcrowding of vessels leaving Libya to cross the
Mediterranean. Large numbers of migrants drowned.
This wave of migration has created serious challenges
for the European Union.

The escalation and effectiveness of drone strikes
by the United States have weakened organized terrorist
groups such as al-Qaeda. But terrorism remains a potent
global threat. Wars in Syria and Iraq have ignited sectarian
violence and spawned the emergence of the Islamic State
of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), which is now the major global
terrorist threat. The failure of the democratic transition in
Libya and widespread lawlessness there facilitated an in-
creased flow of arms to militant Islamic groups in Africa,
making it a new front of terrorism. There are also rising
threats from lone wolf terrorists, demonstrated by attacks
in Boston, London, Sydney, Ottawa, and Paris.

Religious violence is increasing. The wars in Iraq
and Afghanistan deepened sectarian hostilities among
Muslims. Sunnis and Shiites who lived relatively

peacefully together prior to the American invasion and
occupation of Iraq are now engaged in unprecedented
bloodshed. More radical majority Sunni Muslims in Paki-
stan routinely attack the minority Shiites. The dominant
Han Chinese violently suppress the minority Muslim
Uighurs in Western China. Muslims attack Christians in
northern Nigeria, and Christians attack Muslims in the
Central African Republic. Buddhists persecute Muslims
in Myanmar, and Hindus use violence against Muslims
in India.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading
global issue. NCDs cause roughly 80 percent of deaths
in low- and middle-income countries and two thirds of
deaths globally. These diseases include obesity, heart
disease, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer ’s disease, and
hypertension. Global aging, poverty, smoking, drug
abuse, harmful use of alcohol, sedentary lifestyles, a
growing global middle class, and cultural globalization
contribute to the growth of NCDs. The globalization of
fast food and sugary drinks contributes to the global
obesity epidemic which, in turn, causes other diseases.
A growing concern is the increasing resistance of su-
perbugs to antibiotics used to treat diseases. The Ebola
epidemic in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone refo-
cused attention on the global security threats of infec-
tious diseases and the need for robust global responses
to eliminate them.

The global financial crisis weakened Europe’s econ-
omy and contributed to an erosion of public confidence
in political leaders to solve economic and social prob-
lems. Even as further European integration is essential to
strengthen the European Union (EU) and the euro zone,
regions of several countries are advocating for indepen-
dence. Richer northern European countries resist spend-
ing more money on weaker southern countries such as
Greece, Spain, and Portugal. Public support for the Euro-
pean Union has declined, and many governments favor
limiting the free movement of people, which is a funda-
mental principle of the European Union.

States, the foundation of international relations,
emerged relatively recently from fundamental tech-
nological, religious, economic, political, and cultural
changes. The forces of globalization are now pro-
foundly altering international relations, weakening
the virtual monopoly of power enjoyed by states,
strengthening nonstate actors and intergovernmental
organizations, and eroding all forms of hierarchical
organizations. Revolutions in technology, especially
in communications, directly challenge traditional ap-
proaches to international politics.

Globalization intertwines the fates of states, intergov-
ernmental organizations, nonstate actors, and individu-
als to an unprecedented degree. Wars, which have been
a primary concern for states and traditionally the focus of

x Preface

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Preface xi

international relations, also have changed. Globalization
has made traditional warfare less likely and unconven-
tional wars more prevalent. America’s longest war is not
with another state but is instead against nonstate actors,
especially al-Qaeda and the Taliban. The proliferation of
drones and the use of cyberweapons present serious chal-
lenges to global security. These developments have the
potential to engender a new arms race and increase inter-
national conflicts.

My decision to write this textbook was strongly in-
fluenced by the need for a comprehensive, accessible, and
student-oriented introductory textbook for undergrad-
uates that focuses specifically on global issues. This text
concentrates on global issues that students around the
world are passionate about because they are directly re-
lated to the forces of globalization that are integral com-
ponents of their lives. The issues discussed in this book
are both primary global concerns and those in which stu-
dents have shown great interest. This book’s pedagogical
features are based on classroom experiences that demon-
strate how to help students understand complex concepts,
develop critical-thinking skills, and engage in problem
solving.

New to This Edition
All chapters have been substantially revised and updated
to reflect current developments. Each chapter concludes
with a detailed case study on a current global issue. New
and updated topics include child labor, sweatshops, fe-
male genital mutilation, Cuba, Iran’s nuclear agreement,
lone wolf terrorism, ISIS, cybersecurity, Nigeria’s election,
sexual assaults on campus and in the military, noncom-
municable diseases, and Ebola. Included are updated
tables and case studies on democratic transitions in the
Middle East and North Africa, global food safety, the war
in Afghanistan, government corruption in India, food se-
curity and the global food crisis, the obesity epidemic, the
impact of the global financial crisis on Ireland, and the
earthquake and tsunami in Japan.

Additional features of each new chapter include the
following:

• Chapter 1, “Challenges of Globalization”: Gated
globalization; the European Union; multinational
corporations and tax avoidance; the impact of social
media on global affairs; challenges facing the Catholic
Church

• …