Goal setting theory

Goal setting theory suggests that people’s performance is influenced by the goals they set. To test this theory, you recruited some participants and randomly divided them up into three groups. All of them were given the same spelling test, but received different instructions before the started the test. In the easy goal condition (coded as “1”), participants were told that their goal was to score at least 30 on the test. In the do-your-best goal condition (coded as “2”), participants were told that their goal was to simply do their best. Finally, in the difficult goal condition, participants were told that their goal was to score 75 on the test. After reading the instructions, all of them took the spelling test and their scores are recorded into the SPSS dataset.

Please conduct appropriate statistical analysis to find out whether participants in the three conditions performed differently.

• What is the null hypothesis? What is the research hypothesis? (2 pts)
• Attach the SPSS output including the following elements:
  1. Descriptive statistics for all three conditions (2 pts)
  2. Test of homogeneity of variances (2 pts)

• The ANOVA table (4 pts)

1. Multiple comparisons using LSD test (4 pts)

• Report your findings in APA style, which should address the following questions:
  1. The ANOVA results about whether there are any differences among the three conditions.
  2. The multiple comparison results about whether:
     • Participants in the difficult goal condition performed better than those in the easy goal condition (3 pts)
     • Participants in the difficult goal condition performed better than those in the do-your-best goal condition (3 pts)

Hint: In this experiment, there is only one independent variable: goal condition. This independent variable has three levels: easy, do-your-best, and difficulty. Participants were only exposed to one level, making it a between-subjects design. You need to use the type of ANOVA that only involves one between-subjects independent variable. The ANOVA table from the output will tell you whether at least one condition is different from the others. If the results for the overall ANOVA is significant, you can examine the results of multiple comparison to find out where the differences are. Perhaps all three different conditions are different from each other, or perhaps only one condition is different from the other. The SPSS tutorial video on MindTap (link on D2L) walks you through all the steps you need to follow in SPSS and how to understand the output.

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