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Chapter 4
Emotional Development:Smiles
( 7-10)
• 2 types
– Difference
– Importance
Emotional Development:Cries (9)
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2
3
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Emotional Regulation and
Coping (11)
• During the first year of life
– infant develops (intensity and duration )
• In their second year (speak)
Describing and Classifying
Temperament (12)
• Researchers have described and classified the temperament of individuals
in three different ways
• Chess and Thomas’ Classification
– Activity Level
– Adaptability
– Emotionality
• Kagan’s
– Behavioral Inhibition
• Inhibition to the unfamiliar
• Rothbart/Bates
– Effortful control
Goodness of Fit and
Implications for Parenting (14)
• Goodness of fit — the match between temperament and the
environmental demands with which child must cope
• Children differ from each other very early in life
– attention to and respect for individuality
– structure the child’s environment
– avoid applying negative labels to the child
(Putnam, Sanson, & Rothbart, 2002)
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Personality Development (15)
• Emotions and temperament form key aspects
– Erikson — first year of life is characterized by the trust versus mistrust
second year of life
– Autonomy-Erikson
Attachment (20)
• Attachment — a close emotional bond between two
people
• Harry Harlow’s classic study
• Bowlby
• Bowlby suggests there are 4 phases
• 1. Nonfocused orienting and signaling (0 – 2
months)
– Pre attachment-(social smile)
• 2. Focus on one or more figures (2 – 7 months)
– Attachment in the making
The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents
Establishing Attachment (21)
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The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents
Establishing Attachment (21)
• 3. Secure base behavior (7 – 24 months)
• 4. Internal model (24 months and beyond)
– Child can imagine how her behavior would affect the
bonds with her caregiver
Attachment (22-24)
• Securely attached: explores
environment, displays positive
emotion at caregiver return
•Insecurely
Resistant: clings and
hard to comfort
ATTACHMENT (22-24)
– Insecure avoidant: avoids caregiver
but shows distress/crying when
caregiver leaves
Insecure disorganized:
disorientation; extreme
fearfulness may be shown
even with caregiver
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11
12
https://youtu.be/FD771ASTMes
61_strangea.mpg
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Social Contexts: The Family (27)
• A constellation of subsystems
– marital relations,
– parenting, and
– infant behavior and development
– (Jay Belsky,1981)
(c) 2012 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
Maternal and Paternal Caregiving
(30-31)
• Mothers – Child centered
• Fathers –Includes play
• Sensitivity is important
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15
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Variations in Child Care (33)
• Factors that influence the effects of child care
– the age of the child
– the type of child care
– the quality of the program
• Strategies to follow
– Recognize that the quality of your parenting is a key factor in your
child’s development
– Make decisions that will improve the likelihood that you will be good
parents
– Monitor your child’s development
– Take some time to find the best child care
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