To solve the questions you must be aware of these key words :Molecular nutrition -Concepts of genetics – translation and transcription-
Cell signalling -eukaryotic promoter- the promoter, enhancer and repressor regions
The attached document contains two sections of the question
The first section includes a question about translation and transcription in genes – genetics in general
Instructions are attached with it
Please follow it
The second section has two types of questions:
1-questions depends on the sources attached to the document
2-questions depends on your knowledge of this field
You should also search for reliable sources to find the appropriate answer
Instructions are attached with it
Please follow it
Section 1 :Answers must be free of plagiarism
Please attach the sources + page number
Answers should not exceed 150 to 200 words
Using your, background reading and the available literature attempt the following questions.
Section2 :
Please have a read of the following link, https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-signaling-14047077/
Can you also read the following paper and make notes. Uings (200) Cell receptors and cell signalling. Mol Pathol. 53(6): 295–299.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1186983/
Using these references sources and your knowledge of general topics linked to cell signalling. Once you have read these materials please read this paper and attempt the following questions and tasks.
Part 1. Fill in the blanks.
Q1. Cell signalling can result either from the ……………………. interaction of a cell with its neighbour or from the action of …………………………… signalling molecules like ………………….. or …………………………..in the general circulation that have been ingested.
Q2 ………………………….cell signalling involves a signalling molecule e.g. a
hormone, secreted by an ……………………………. that is transported through the
………………………… to act on distant target cells.
Q3. Paracrine signaling involves a molecule released by one cell that acts on ……………………….. target cell i.e. ……………………….Common examples of signalling molecules that act on this signalling system include, 1)………………………., 2)……………………… and 3)…………………………..
Q4. Once a ………………………..protein receives a signal, it undergoes a …………………………. change, which in turn launches a series of ……………………………..reactions within the cell. These intracellular signalling pathways, also called …………………. ………………………………..
cascades, typically ………………………….. the message, producing multiple intracellular signals.
Q5. Protein ……………………….. represent a unique, highly dynamic, and …………………… regulated set of switches that control most biological events in ……………………………. Cells
Q6. The activity of …………………………… and phosphatases can be ………………………… either by ……………………………… messengers, such as …………………… or ………………………….., or by extracellular chemical signals, such as ……………………………..
Q7. Protein kinases (add/remove) ……………………………… to proteins and Protein phosphatases (add/remove) ………………………………………. From proteins.
Q8. ROS of physiological significance are the ………………………… anion (O22- ), ……………………. (●OH), and ……………………………… (H2O2).
Q9. Signal transduction pathways consist of: a ………………………, …………………………. system, and an ………………………….
Q10. Transduction can be direct (…………………………) or indirect (utilizing ………………… messengers); these and/or transduction cascades can ……………………….. signals.
Part 2. In the space provided attempt the following.
Q11. List as many factors that you can find that act as soluble signals that trigger receptors? Answers must be free of plagiarism
If you use sources, Please attach the sources + page number
Q12. Using the research paper by Uing (2002) and PubMed, draw a Table as shown below and fill with the appropriate information. Use key internet searches to aid your research
Receptor type | Common ligands | Common nutrients inducer | Cellular Response | Secondary messenger used? |
Receptor tyrosine kinases | ||||
Ligand gated ion channels | ||||
G protein coupled receptors |
Q13. Name FIVE nutrients that activate cell signalling cascades, name the signalling cascade activated and the transcription factor involved in mediating a response? Be as detailed as you feel fit. Answers must be free of plagiarism
Please attach the sources + page number
Q14. Draw the following on a piece of paper and fill in the BLANK sections and attempt the question boxes. Answers must be free of plagiarism
Please attach the sources + page number
Q15. In TWO sentences describe the origins of the following secondary messengers, and fill in the BLANK boxes.
Answers must be free of plagiarism
Please attach the sources + page number
Answer the following,
Q16. What causes oxygen to form the superoxide anion?
Q17. What is the product of superoxide following its metabolism? Do these metabolites function in cell signalling?
Q18. Write an essay plan for the following question, Traditionally, metabolism and signaling have been considered independent aspects of cellular activity. However, more recent work stresses the relationships of metabolites as signals and the linkage between metabolism and cellular signaling. Give examples that justify the linkage between signaling and metabolism, and explain. This should be written as quickly as possible either using mind mapping strategies or bubbling approaches
A brief written explanation of the drawing must be attached) Answer should not exceed 150 to 200 words(
Answers must be free of plagiarism
Please attach the sources + page number
Part 4. These ‘General’ videos.it could help in understanding
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVkedxDqQo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-usAds_-lU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iv5ceFD19WQ
The End
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