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Yaimel Garcia Blanco
8 hours ago, at 12:29 PM
 

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Discussion Week 7
Yaimel Garcia
Advanced Pharmacology

           A review of the research reveals that etiology of allergies might be a genetic predisposition.  Additionally, the chemical and physical substances that can produce allergies are potentially endless. Therefore, the broad term of allergies to chemicals is understood as a common producer of allergic reactions. It might be assumed then, that such allergic reactions may also occur with the use of drugs (Chollet, Shieh & Liu, 2019).
           Pharmacoeconomic treatment options for allergies depend on results of allergy tests (skin test) by injecting a small amount of the allergen under the skin and then monitor the reaction of this. Blood tests can be performed such as IgE, and eosinophils counting (Chollet, Shieh & Liu, 2019). Some options include    corticosteroid creams or ointments, oral corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce swelling and stop severe allergic reactions, and antihistamines which block histamine, a trigger of allergic swelling. They can calm sneezing, itching, runny nose and hives.
          he introduction in the 1940s to 1970s of a variety of H1-antagonistscontaining the diarylalkylamine framework. These H1-antagonists, referred to now as the first generation or classical antihistamines, are related structurally and include a number of aminoalkylethers, ethylenediamines, piperazines, propylamines, phenothiazines and dibenzocycloheptenes. Inaddition to H1-receptor antagonism, these compounds display an array of other pharmacological activities which contribute toward therapeutic applications and adverse reactions. More recently, a number of second generation or “non-sedating” antihistamines have been developed and introduced (Aldridge, 2016). The second generation agents bear some structural resemblance to the first generation agents, but have been modified to be more specific in action and limited in their distribution profiles.

References

Aldridge, C. (2016). Rethinking once-daily dosing on allergy medications. Optometry Times, 8(2), 18–20.
Chollet, M. B., Shieh, L., & Liu, A. Y. (2019). An Evaluation of Barriers to Inpatient Medication Allergy Documentation. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, 143(2), AB280.
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Liliana Acosta
8 hours ago, at 12:23 PM
 

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Week 7 Discussion
Liliana Acosta
Advanced Pharmacology

           The epidemiology and prevalence rates of allergies such as asthma, IgE-mediated sensitization and allergic diseases vary throughout the world (Putnam-Casdorph, & Badzek, 2015). In asthma, for example, there is some evidence for geographical variations in prevalence; exercise challenge tests prove positive more often in urban areas than in rural areas. Although genetic predisposition is the strongest single risk factor for atopic eczema, air pollutants may aggravate the condition by acting as unspecific irritants and immunomodulators, leading to increased immunoglobulin E expression.
           The most common treatment options that are pharmacoeconomic for allergies include nasal corticosteroids, antihistamines block histamine, mast cell stabilizers, and decongestants. Although the efficacy of the different H1 antihistamines in the treatment of allergic patients is similar, even when comparing first- and second-generation drugs, they are very different in terms of chemical structure, pharmacology and toxic potential (Lee, Hess & Nestler, 2013). The first generation antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, are fairly potent muscarinic antagonists in addition to being H1 selective antihistamines. The antimuscarinic action is often not desirable since it is in part responsible for the drying of secretions in the airways and the sedative effect.
           Patient education includes teaching patient how to avoid the trigger, how to use glucocorticoid nasal sprays, if the patient has severe symptoms, the patient may need to use a nasal decongestant for a few days before starting a nasal steroid to reduce nasal swelling (Lee, Hess & Nestler, 2013).
Some patients notice symptom relief on the first day of treatment with nasal steroids, although it may take days to weeks to notice the full effect. For this reason, nasal steroids are most effective when used regularly. Some people are able to use lower doses when symptoms are less severe.

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