CSC 202 Programming Functions With Python

Implement C/Java/Python functions that can find the roots of some mathematical functions, using the bisection method and Newton’s method.

We restrict the class of mathematical functions to be decreasing functions over a given interval, with exactly one root in that interval. That is, given l, r, and f(x), we will consider only functions for which x less than y implies that f(x) is greater than f(y) and for which f(t) = 0 for exactly one t between l and r. The goal is to find t.

This problem is well-studied and has many applications. For example, if we take the interval [1, 2] and f(x) = 4 – x^3, the root is the cube root of 4. In this way, this program can be used to calculate the nth root of any number. For another example, consider the problem of finding the maximum value of a function. This is the same as finding the root of its derivative.

The following program finds the square root of 2, accurate to within two decimal places, using a brute-force method:

float f(float x){ return 2.0 – x*x; }

float root(float l, float r) {

float t, epsilon;

epsilon = .01;

for (t = l; t <= r; t += epsilon)

if (f(t) < 0.0) return t;

return t;

}

main(){

printf(“%fn”, root(1.0, 2.0));

}

#Python

def  f(x):

return 2.0 – x*x

def root(l, r ):

epsilon = 0.01

for t in range(1,r, t=t + epsilon):

if f(t)  < 0.0:

return t

return t;

print( root(1.0, 2.0);

This method is not an efficient way to get accurate answers: if epsilon is very small, the loop will iterate an enormous number of times. Your task is to get accurate answers (down to epsilon = .000001) using a reasonably small number of function evaluations.

The program is organized so that different functions can be tried just by changing the definition of f, and perhaps the initial interval endpoints used in the call to root.

First, implement the bisection method. Check the value of the function at the middle of the interval: if it is positive, replace the left endpoint with the middle point; if it is negative, replace the right endpoint with the middle point. This halves the size of the interval. Stay in a loop doing this until the interval size is less than epsilon. Print out all function evaluations to trace the execution of your program.

By editing it to change the function, use your program to find the square root of 2, the 7th root of 126 and the positive real root of p(x) = 6 – x – x^3.

Debug your program with epsilon = .01.

Include in your readme file the output for a run computing the root of 6 – x – x^3 with epsilon = .000001.

For the second part of your assignment, package your implementation into a function that computes the square root of a given number.

Use this function in a main program that prints out a table of the square roots of the integers from 2 to 20, along with the total number of function evaluations required to compute the table. (The easiest way to get this total is to use a global variable.)

Third, implement Newton’s method for finding the square root (the case when f(x) = c – x^2). This method involves making an initial guess t, then computing a new guess by averaging t and c/t, continuing in this way until two successive guesses are within epsilon of one another. Debug the program by printing out all function evaluations, as above, but hand in a run that uses this program to print out a table of the square roots of the integers from 2 to 20, along with the total number of iterations used to compute the table.

Put the three programs that you write in three separate files: bisect with the bisection method computing the root of 6 – x – x^3;    bisect2 with the bisection method computing the table of square roots; and newton2.  with Newton’s method computing the table of square roots. Create a readme file that has the results of your runs, describes your programs, comments on the results, and describes any problems that you might have had. To electronically submit these files, on Canvas

readme bisect bisect2 newton2.

Extra Credit: First, make your bisection program take a third argument, the function. Then include math and find the positive roots of some more interesting functions involving trigonometric functions, exponentials, or logarithms. For example, try computing the root of 2 – exp(x). (This is a way to compute ln(2).)

Challenge for the bored: Generalize your function for Newton’s method to find the nth root of any number c: the general formula for Newton’s method is to replace the guess t by t – f(t)/f'(t).

(Exercise: check that this reduces to the above method for f(x) = c – x*x.) Newton’s method is very fast for some functions, but sometimes doesn’t converge. In real applications, a combination of these to methods is used: bisection to get near the answer, Newton’s method to zoom in on an accurate answer.