RenatoConstantino-TheMiseducationoftheFilipino.pdf

THE MISEDUCATION OF THE FILIPINO

Prof. Renato Constantino

Education is a vital weapon of a people striving for economic emancipation, political
independence and cultural renaissance. We are such a people. Philippine education therefore
must produce Filipinos who are aware of their country’s problems, who understand the basic
solution to these problems, and who care enough to have courage to work and sacrifice for their
country’s salvation.

Nationalism in Education

In recent years, in various sectors of our society, there have been nationalist stirrings which were
crystallized and articulated by the late Claro M. Recto, There were jealous demands for the
recognition of Philippine sovereignty on the Bases question. There were appeals for the
correction of the iniquitous economic relations between the Philippines and the United States.
For a time, Filipino businessmen and industrialists rallied around the banner of the FILIPINO
FIRST policy, and various scholars and economists proposed economic emancipation as an
intermediate goal for the nation. In the field of art, there have been signs of a new appreciation
for our own culture. Indeed, there has been much nationalist activity in many areas of endeavor,
but we have yet to hear of a well-organized campaign on the part of our educational leaders for
nationalism in education.

Although most of our educators are engaged in the lively debate on techniques and tools for the
improved instructions, not one major educational leader has come out for a truly nationalist
education. Of course some pedagogical experts have written on some aspects of nationalism in
education. However, no comprehensive educational programme has been advanced as a corollary
to the programmes for political and economic emancipation. This is a tragic situation because the
nationalist movement is crippled at the outset by a citizenry that is ignorant of our basic ills and
is apathetic to our national welfare.

New Perspective

Some of our economic and political leaders have gained a new perception of our relations with
the United States as a result of their second look at Philippine-American relations since the turn

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of the century. The reaction which has emerged as economic and political nationalism is an
attempt on their part to revise the iniquities of the past and to complete the movement started by
our revolutionary leaders of 1896. The majority of our educational leaders, however, still
continue to trace their direct lineal descent to the first soldier-teachers of the American invasion
army. They seem oblivious to the fact that the educational system and philosophy of which they
are proud inheritors were valid only within the framework of American colonialism. The
educational system introduced by the Americans had to correspond and was designed to
correspond to the economic and political reality of American conquest.

Capturing Minds

The most effective means of subjugating a people is to capture their minds. Military victory does
not necessarily signify conquest. As long as feelings of resistance remain iin the hearts of the
vanquished, no conqueror is secure. This is best illustrated by the occupation of the Philippines
by the Japanese militarists during the Second World War.

Despite the terroristic regime imposed by the Japanese warlords, the Filipinos were never
conquered. Hatred for the Japanese was engendered by their oppressive techniques which in turn
were intensified by the stubborn resistance of the Filipino people. Japanese propagandists and
psychological warfare experts, however, saw the necessity of winning the minds of the people.
Had the Japanese stayed longer, Filipino children who were being schooled under the auspices of
the new dispensation would have grown into strong pillars of the Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere. Their minds would have been conditioned to suit the policies of the Japanese
imperialists.

The moulding of men’s minds is the best means of conquest. Education, therefore, serves a a
weapon in wars of colonial conquest. This singular fact was well appreciated by the American
military commander in the Philippines during the Filipino-American War. According to the
census of 1903:

“….General Otis urged and furthered the reopening of schools, himself selecting
and ing the textbooks. Many officers, among them chaplains, were detailed
as superintendent of schools, and many enlisted men, as teachers…”

The American military authorities had a job to do. They had to employ all means to pacify a
people whose hopes for independence were being frustrated by the presence of another
conqueror. The primary reason for the rapid introduction, on a large scale, of the American
public school system in the Philippines was the conviction of the military leaders that no
measure could so quickly promote the pacification of the islands as education. General Arthur
McArthur, in recommending a large appropriation for school purposes, said:

“…This appropriation is recommended primarily and exclusively as an adjunct to
military operations calculated to pacify the people and to procure and expedite the
restoration of tranquility throughout the archipelago…”

Beginnings of Colonial Education

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Thus, from its inception, the educational system of the Philippines was a means of pacifying a
people who were defending their newly-won freedom from an invader who had posed as an ally.
The education of the Filipino under American sovereignty was an instrument of colonial policy.
The Filipino has to be educated as a good colonial. Young minds had to be shaped to conform to
American ideas. Indigenous Filipino ideals were slowly eroded in to remove the last
vestiges of resistance. Education served to attract the people to the new masters and at the same
time to dilute their nationalism which had just succeeded in overthrowing a foreign power. The
introduction of the American educational system was a means of defeating a triumphant
nationalism. As Charles Burke Elliot said in his book, The Philippines:

“…To most Americans it seemed absurd to propose that any other language than
English should be used over which their flag floated. But in the schools of India
and other British dependencies and colonies and, generally, in all colonies, it was
and still is customary to use the vernacular in the elementary schools, and the
immediate adoption of English in the Philippine schools subjected America to the
charge of forcing the language of the conquerors upon a defenseless people.

Of course, such a system of education as the Americans contemplated could be
successful only under the direction of American teachers, as the Filipino teachers
who had been trained in Spanish methods were ignorant of the English language…

Arrangements were promptly made for enlisting a small army of teachers in the
United States. At first they came in companies, but soon in battalions. The
transport Thomas was fitted up for their accomodations and in July, 1901, it sailed
from San Francisco with six hundred teachers -a second army of occupation-
surely the most remarkable cargo ever carried to an Oriental colony..”

The American Vice-Governor

The importance of education as a colonial tool was never underestimated by the Americans. This
may be clearly seen in the provision of the Jones Act which granted the Filipinos more
autonomy. Although the government services were Filipinized, although the Filipinos were being
prepared for self-government, the Department of Education was never entrusted to any Filipino.
Americans always headed this department. This was assured by Article 23 of the Jones Act
which provided:

“..That there shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate of the United States, a vice-governor of the Philippine
Islands, who shall have all the powers of the governor-general in the case of a
vacancy or temporary removal, resignation or disability of the governor-general,
or in case of his temporary absence; and the said vice-governor shall be the head
of the executive department known as the department of Public Instruction, which
shall include the bureau of education and the bureau of health, and he may be
assigned such other executive duties as the Governor-General may designate…”

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Up to 1935, therefore, the head of this department was an American. And when a Filipino took
over under the commonwealth, a new generation of “Filipino-American” had already been
produced. There was no longer any need for American overseers in this filed because a captive
generation had already come of age, thinking and acting like little Americans.

This does not mean, however, that nothing that was taught was of any value. We became literate
in English to a certain extent. We were able to produce more men and women who could read
and write. We became more conversant with the outside world, especially the American world.
A more widespread education such as the Americans would have been a real blessing had their
educational programme not been the handmaiden of their colonial policy. Unfortunately for us,
the success of education as a colonial weapon was complete and permanent. In exchange for a
smattering of English, we yielded our souls. The stories of George Washington and Abraham
Lincoln made us forget our own nationalism.

The American view of our history turned our heroes into brigands in our own eyes, distorted our
vision of our future. The surrender of the Katipuneros was nothing compared to this final
surrender, this leveling down of our lst defenses. Dr. Chester Hunt characterizes this surrender in
these words:

“…The programme of cultural assimilation combined with a fairly rapid yielding
of control resulted in the fairly general acceptance of American culture as the goal
of Filipino society with the corollary that individual Americans were given a
status of respect…”

This in a nutshell was (and to a great extent still is) the happy result of early educational policy
because, within the framework of American colonialism, whenever there was a conflict between
American and Filipino goals and interests, the schools guided us toward thought and action
which could forward American interests.

Goals of American Education

The educational system established by the Americans could not have been for the sole purpose of
saving the Filipinos from illiteracy and ignorance. Given the economic and political purposes of
American occupation, education had to be consistent with these broad purposes of American
colonial policy. The Filipinos had to be trained as citizens of an American colony. The
Benevolent Assimilation proclamation of President McKinley on December 21, 1898 at a time
when Filipino forces were in control of the country except Manila, betrays the intention of the
colonizers. Judge Blount in his book, The American Occupation of the Philippines, properly
comments:

“..Clearly, from the Filipino point of view, the United States was now determined
to ‘spare them from the dangers of premature independence,’ using such force as
might be necessary for the accomplishment of that pious purpose…”

Despite the noble aims announced by the American authorities that the Philippines was theirs to
protect and guide, the fact still remained that these people were a conquered nation whose

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national life had to be woven into the pattern of American dominance. Philippine education was
shaped by the overriding factor of preserving and expanding American control. To achieve this,
all separatist tendencies were discouraged. Nay, they had to be condemned as subversive. With
this as the pervasive factor in the grand design of conquering a people, the pattern of education,
consciously or unconsciously, fostered and established certain attitudes on the part of the
governed. These attitudes conformed to the purposes of American occupation.

An Uprooted Race

The first and perhaps the master stroke in the plan to use education as an instrument of colonial
policy was the decision to use English as the medium of instruction. English became the wedge
that separated the Filipinos from their past and later to separate educated Filipinos from the
masses of their countrymen. English introduced the Filipinos to a strange, new world. With
American textbooks, Filipinos started learning not only a new language but also a new way of
life, alien to their traditions and yet a caricature of their model. This was the beginning of their
education. At the same time, it was the beginning of their mis-education, for they learned no
longer as Filipinos but as colonials.

They had to be disoriented form their nationalist goals because they had to become good
colonials. The ideal colonial was the carbon copy of his conqueror, the conformist follower of
the new dispensation. He had to forget his past and unlearn the nationalist virtues in to live
peacefully, if not comfortably, under the colonial . The new Filipino generation learned of
the lives of American heroes, sang American songs, and dreamt of snow and Santa Claus.

The nationalist resistance leaders exemplified by Sakay were regarded as brigands and outlaws.
The lives of Philippine heroes were taught but their nationalist teachings were glossed over.
Spain was the villain, America was the savior. To this day, our histories still gloss over the
atrocities committed by American occupation troops such as the “water cure” and the
“reconcentration camps.” Truly, a genuinely Filipino education could not have been devised
within the new framework, for to draw from the wellsprings of the Filipino ethos would only
have lead to a distinct Philippine identity with interests at variance with that of the ruling power.

Thus, the Filipino past which had already been quite obliterated by three centuries of Spanish
tyranny did not enjoy a revival under American colonialism. On the contrary, the history of our
ancestors was taken up as if they were strange and foreign peoples who settled in these shores,
with whom we had the most tenuous of ties. We read about them as if we were tourists in a
foreign land.

Economic Attitudes

Control of the economic life of a colony is basic to colonial control. Some imperial nations do it
harshly but the United States could be cited for the subtlety and uniqueness of its approach. For
example, free trade was offered as a generous gift of American altruism. Concomitantly, the
educational policy had to support his view and to soften the effects of the slowly tightening
noose around the necks of the Filipinos. The economic motivations of the American in coming to
the Philippines were not at all admitted to the Filipinos. As a matter of fact, from the first school-

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days under the soldier-teachers to the present, Philippine history books have portrayed America
as a benevolent nation who came here only to save us from Spain and to spread amongst us the
boons of liberty and democracy. The almost complete lack of understanding at present of those
economic motivations and of the presence of American interests in the Philippines are the most
eloquent testimony to the success of the education for colonials which we have undergone.

What economic attitudes were fostered by American education? It is interesting to note that
during the times that the school attempts to inculcate an appreciation for things Philippine, the
picture that is presented for the child’s admiration is an idealized picture of a rural Philippines, as
pretty and as unreal as an Amorsolo painting with its carabao, its smiling healthy farmer, the
winsome barrio lass in the bright clean patadyong, and the sweet nipa hut. That is the portrait of
the Filipino that our education leaves in the minds of the young and it hurts in two ways.

First, it strengthens the belief (and we see this in adults) that the Philippines is essentially meant
to be an agricultural country and we can not and should not change that. The result is an apathy
toward industrialization. It is an idea they have not met in school. There is further, a fear, born
out of that early stereotype of this country as an agricultural heaven, that industrialization is not
good for us, that our national environment is not suited for an industrial economy, and that it will
only bring social evils which will destroy the idyllic farm life.

Second, this idealized picture of farm life never emphasizes the poverty, the disease, the cultural
vacuum, the sheer boredom, the superstition and ignorance of backward farm communities.
Those who pursue higher education think of the farm as quaint places, good for an occasional
vacation. Their life is rooted in the big towns and cities and there is no interest in revamping
rural life because there is no understanding of its economic problems. Interest is limited to
aretsian wells and handicraft projects. Present efforts to uplift the conditions of the rural masses
merely attack the peripheral problems without admitting the urgent need for basic agrarian
reform.

With American education, the Filipinos were not only learning a new language; they were not
only forgetting their own language; they were starting to become a new type of American.
American ways were slowly being adopted. Our consumption habits were molded by the influx
of cheap American goods that came in duty-free. The pastoral economy was extolled because
this conformed with the colonial economy that was being fostered. Our books extolled the
western nations as peopled by superior beings because they were capable of manufacturing
things that we never thought we were capable of producing. We were pleased by the fact that our
raw materials could pay for the American consumption goods that we had to import. Now we are
used to these types of goods, and it is a habit we find hard to break, to the detriment of our own
economy.

We never thought that we too could industrialize because in school we were taught that we were
primarily an agricultural country by geographical location and by the innate potentiality of our
people. We were one with our fellow Asians in believing that we were not cut out for an
industrialized economy. That is why before the war, we looked down upon goods made in Japan
despite the fact that Japan was already producing commodities at par with the West. We could
never believe Japan, an Asian country, could attain the same superiority as America, Germany or

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England. And yet, it was “Made in Japan” airplanes, battleships and armaments that dislodged
the Americans and the British from their positions of dominance during the Second World War.
This is the same attitude that has put us out of step with our Asian neighbors who already realize
that colonialism has to be extirpated from their lives if they want to be free, prosperous, and
happy.

Transplantation of Political Institutions

American education in effect transplanted American political institutions and ideas into the
Philippines. Senator Recto, in his last major address at the University of the Philippines,
explained the reason for this. Speaking of political parties, Recto said:

“…It is to be deplored that our major political parties were born and nurtured
before we had attained the status of a free democracy. The result was that they
have come to be caricatures of their foreign model with its known characteristics –
-patronage, division of spoils, political bossism, partisan treatment of vital
national issues. I say caricatures because of their chronic shortsightedness
respecting those ultimate objectives the attainment of which was essential to a
true and lasting national independence. All throughout the period of American
colonization, they allowed themselves to become more and more the tools of
colonial rule and less and less the interpreters of the people’s will and ideals.
Through their complacency, the new colonizer was able to fashion, in exchange
for sufferance of oratorical plaints for independence, and for patronage, rank and
sinecure, a regime of his own choosing, for his own aims, and in his own self-
interest.”

The Americans were confronted with the dilemma of transplanting their political institutions and
yet luring the Filipinos into a state of captivity. It was understandable for American authorities to
think that democracy can only mean the American type of democracy, and thus they foisted on
the Filipinos the institutions that were valid for their own people. Indigenous institutions which
could have led to the evolution of native democratic ideas and institutions were disregarded.

No wonder we too look with hostility upon countries who try to develop their own political
institutions according to the needs of their people without being bound by western political
procedures. We have been made to believe in certain political doctrines as absolute and the same
for all peoples. An example of this is the belief in the freedom of the press. Here, the consensus
is that we cannot nationalize the press because it would be depriving the foreigners of the
exercise of the freedom of the press. This may be valid for strong countries like the United States
where there is no threat of foreign domination, but certainly, this is dangerous for an emergent
nation like the Philippines where foreign control has yet to be weakened.

Re-examination Demanded

The new demands for economic emancipation and the assertion of our political sovereignty leave
our educators no other choice but to re-examine their philosophy, their values, and their general
approach to the making of the Filipino who will institute, support and preserve the nationalist

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aims. To persist in the continuance of a system which was born under the exigencies of colonial
rule, to be timid in the face of traditional opposition would only result in the evolution of an
anomalous educational system which lags behind the urgent economic and political changes that
the nation is experiencing.

What then are the nationalist tasks for Philippine education? Education must both be seen not as
an acquisition of information but as the making of man so that he may function most effectively
and and usefully within his own society. Therefore, education can not be divorced from the
society of a definite country at a definite time. It is a fallacy to think that educational goals
should be the same everywhere and that therefore what goes into the making of a well-educated
American is the same as what should go into the making of the well-educated Filipino. This
would be true only if the two societies were at the same ploitical, cultural, annd economic level
and had the same political, cultural and economic goals.

But what happened in this country? Not only do we imitate Western education, we have
patterned our education after the most technologically advanced western nations. The gap
between the two societies is very large. In fact, they are two entirely different societies with
different goals.

Adoption of western values

Economically, the US is an industrial nation. It is a fully developed nation, economically
speaking. Our country has a colonial economy with a tiny industrial base -in other words, we are
backward and underdeveloped. Politically, the U.S. is not only master of its own house; its
control and influence extends to many other countries all over the world. The Philippines has
only lately emerged from formal colonial status and it still must complete its political and
economic independence.

Culturally, the U.S. has a vigorously and distinctively American culture. It is a nation whose
cultural institutions have developed freely, indigenously without control and direction from
foreign sources, whose ties to its cultural past are clear and proudly celebrated because no
foreign power has imposed upon its people a wholesale inferiority complex, because no foreign
culture has been superimposed upon it destroying, distorting, its own past and alienating the
people from their own cultural heritage.

What are the characteristics of America today which spring from its economic, political and
cultural status? What should be the characteristics of our own education as dictated by our own
economic, political and cultural conditions? To contrast both is to realize how inimical to our
best interests and progress is our adoption of some of the basic characteristics and values of
American education.

By virtue of its leadership and its economic interests in many parts of the world, the United
States has an internationalist orientation based securely on a well-grounded, long held
nationalistic viewpoint. U.S. education has no urgent need to stress the development of American
nationalism in its young people. Economically, politically, culturally, the U.S. is the master of its

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own house. American education, therefore, understandably lays little emphasis on the kind of
nationalism we Filipinos need.

Instead, it stresses internationalism and underplays nationalism. This sentiment is noble and
good, but when it is inculcated in a people who have either forgotten nationalism or never
imbibed it, it can cause untold harm. The emphasis is on universal brotherhood, on friendship for
other nations, without the firm foundation of nationalism which would give our people the
feeling of pride in our own products and vigilance over our natural resources, has had very
harmful results. Chief among these is the transformation of our national virtue of hospitality into
a stupid vice which hurts us and makes us the willing dupes of predatory foreigners.

UnFilipino Filipinos

Thus we complacently allow aliens to gain control of our economy. We are even proud of those
who amass wealth in our country, publishing laudatory articles about their financial success. We
love to hear foreigners call our country a paradise on earth, and we never stop to think that it is a
paradise only for them but not for the millions of our countrymen. When some of our more
intellectually emancipated countrymen spearhead moves for nationalism, for nationalization of
this or that endeavor, do the majority of Filipinos support such moves?

No, there is apathy because there is no nationalism in our hearts which will spur us to protect and
help our countrymen first. Worse, some Filipinos will even worry about the sensibilities of
foreigners lest they think ill of us for supposedly discriminating against them. And worst of all,
many Filipinos will even oppose nationalistic legislation either because they have become the
willing servants of foreign interests or because, in their distorted view, we Filipinos can not
progress without the help of foreign capital and foreign entrepreneurs.

In this part of the world, we are well nigh unique in our generally non-nationalistic outlook.
What is the source of this shameful characteristic of ours? One important source is surely the
schools. There is little emphasis on nationalism. Patriotism has been taught us, yes, but in
general terms of love of country, respect for the flag, appreciation for the beauty of our
countryside, and other similarly innocuous manifestations of our nationality.

The pathetic results of this failure of Philippine education is a citizen amazingly naive and
trusting in its relations with foreigners, devoid of the capacity to feel indignation even in the face
of insults to the nation, ready to acquiesce and even to help aliens in the despoliation of our
national wealth. Why are the great majority of our people so complaisant about foreign economic
control? Much of the blame must be laid at the door of colonial education. Colonial education
has not provided us with a realistic attitude toward other nations, especially Spain and the United
States. The emphasis in our study of history has been on the great gifts that our conquerors have
bestowed upon us. A mask of benevolence was used to hide the cruelties and deceit of early
American occupation.

The noble sentiments expressed by McKinley were emphasized rather than the ulterior motives
of conquest. The myth of friendship and special relations is even now continually invoked to
camouflage the continuing iniquities in our relationship. Nurtured in this kind of education, the

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Filipino mind has come to regard centuries of colonial status as a grace from above rather than a
scourge. Is it any wonder then that having regained our independence we have forgotten how to
defend it? Is it any wonder that when leaders like Claro M. Recto try to teach us how to be free,
the great majority of the people find it difficult to grasp those nationalistic principles that are the
staple food of other Asian minds? The American architects of our colonial education labored
shrewdly and well.

The Language Problem

The most …