ResearchReportPatients19.docx

TITLE OF THE PAPER 1

19

Report on Geriatrics

Professor of Course
First name, middle initial(s), last name. Omit all professional titles and/or degrees (e.g. Dr., Rev., PhD, MA).
Joseph A. Snider

DeVoe School of Business, Indiana Wesleyan University

Author Note

2

A paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Business Administration.

Table of Contents
Report on Geriatrics 3
Project Background 3
Purpose of the Study 3
Context of the Problem, Challenge Opportunity, or Issue 3
Objectives of the Study 3
Limitations of the Study 4
Assumptions of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 4
Goals of the Study 4
Significance of the Topic to the Writer 4
Significance of the Topic to Stakeholders 5
Industry implications 5
Global implications 5
Information and Literature Review 6
Brief Summary of the Literature on the Subject 6
Systematic Review of the Literature 7
Descriptive Statistics 8
Descriptive Graphs 9
Project Analysis 14
Analysis of the Literature Review Research Findings 14
Simple Linear Regression Analysis 14
Single Sample Hypothesis Test of the Mean 14
Chi-Square Analysis of Age and Principal Payer 16
Project Summary 17
Conclusions 17
Specific Recommendations 17
Suggestions for Future Research 17
References 18
Appendix A 19
Data Set 19
Appendix B 22
Pictures of Analysis 22

Report on Geriatrics 3
Project Background 3
Purpose of the Study 3
Context of the Problem, Challenge Opportunity, or Issue 3
Objectives of the Study 3
Limitations of the Study 4
Assumptions of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 4
Goals of the Study 4
Significance of the Topic to the Writer 4
Significance of the Topic to Stakeholders 5
Broader Implications of the Topic 5
INFORMATION and LITERATURE REVIEW 6
Brief Summary of the Literature on the Subject 6
Systematic Review of the Literature 7
Descriptive Statistics 7
Descriptive Graphs 9
Project Analysis 13
Analysis of the Literature Review Research Findings 13
Simple Linear Regression Analysis 13
Single Sample Hypothesis Test of the Mean 14
Chi-Square Analysis of Age and Principal Payer 15
Project Summary 16
Conclusions 16
Specific Recommendations 16
Suggestions for Future Research 16
Ethical Considerations 17
References 18
Appendix A 19
Data Set 19
Appendix B 22
Pictures of Analysis 22

Report on Geriatrics Comment by Wise, Jay: The APA 7th Edition Publication Manual’s sample professional and student papers both include at least one paragraph that serves as an introduction. APA does not use the word Introduction as a heading. Based on the headings used here, I would expect to read a short introduction that outlines the paper’s major topics and prepares me for the kinds of information I will interact with in the paper.

Additionally, the Author Note includes the phrase “in partial fulfillment,” which I commonly see on theses or dissertations. This leads me to expect an Abstract. Comment by Snider, Joseph: Took out author note to not be confusing Comment by Snider, Joseph: As far as introduction, the purpose and objectives go over that cost analysis is being done on the medical data. I added more details on the analysis done in the objectives section.

Project Background

Purpose of the Study

Context of the Problem, Challenge Opportunity, or Issue

Researchers Chandra, Kumar, and Ghildayal (2011) predict the future of healthcare costs and its impact on health insurance:
Healthcare is currently a major fiscal problem. If this trend continues to 2010 and beyond then corporation managers will stop offering healthcare (some already have) to employees, or they will keep passing along premium increases to employees as many currently do. (p. 315)
The cost of inpatient hospital care is under scrutiny by patients, insurance providers, even government officials. With costs continuing to skyrocket, it is more important than ever to understand the relationships between an inpatient hospital stay and the costs associated the patient care. “The effective management of hospitals is an increasingly political and social issue as demographic trends in the USA indicate that the issues associated with better hospital management will only become increasingly important as the domestic population continues to age” (Stock & McDermott, 2011, p. 142).

Objectives of the Study

Raw data collected in the hospital setting was analyzed, allowing the data to be described in terms of statistics and explored visually through graphs. Hypothetical statements and claims are also tested using the sample data. The analysis represented here is simple linear regression to determine if a relationship exists between two numeric variables, a one sample test of a particular value of the mean, and a chi-square independence test on a summary table made of 2 categories and counts.

Limitations of the Study

Geriatric is defined as “a branch of medicine that deals with the problems and diseases of old age and aging people” (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). In the dataset from Freedom Hospital Geriatric Patients, there appear to be anomalies. Once the dataset is sorted, 12 patients do not fit the geriatric definition. If the dataset is a sample of all patients in the hospital and not specifically geriatric patients, the information should be noted on the description for the dataset. The data also included a patient who was not identified as either male or female.

Assumptions of the Study

It is assumed that the data in the spreadsheet used in the analysis for this report was honest and truthful. It is assumed that any blank information provided is not due to privacy concerns. It is assumed that no private identifying information was collected.

Significance of the Study

Goals of the Study

Goals of this study are to analyze age, charges, gender, length of stay, principal payer in terms of central tendency and variation, and specific visual explorations and hypothesis tests on the data. After performing this analysis, the interpretations and judgments allow for business decisions to be made. For instance, based on the typical length of stay, a business can strive to lower that value and look for ways to improve evidence of outcomes.

Significance of the Topic to the Writer

The significance to this writer is personally having friends and family in age greater than 50 years and in a hospital setting. It would be advantageous to anyone who cares about loved ones and friends to attain care that is efficient and effective. Measuring for the purpose of improvement is therefore of significance to this writer.

Significance of the Topic to Stakeholders

In this context, stakeholders could be patients, payers, and the government. All three would be interested in the results of a medical study on people over 50 years of age. Patients would be informed of cost trends. Payers would know the breakdown of the study by percentage by various payers. The government would benefit from research to know how to legislate.
The lack of efficiency and effectiveness results in political consequences. If people spend all their money in retirement on medical bills, that can translate into votes for candidates that specialize in healthcare legislation. In current times, the merits and costs of Medicare for all is being hotly debated.

Broader Implications of the Topic

Industry implications. Comment by Wise, Jay: Format Level 4 APA Headings using Title Case, i.e. Industry Implications. See Table 2.3 on page 48 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition. Comment by Snider, Joseph: You fixed it
The purpose of the hospital industry as a whole is to treat patients with utmost care and concern, while not bankrupting the patient in the process. Health care costs have been a significant part of employee benefit packages, and the costs have been going up faster than inflation and certainly faster than wages.

Global implications. Comment by Wise, Jay: Format Level 4 APA Headings using Title Case, i.e. Industry Implications. See Table 2.3 on page 48 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition. Comment by Snider, Joseph: You fixed it.
Ways of paying for medical care differs worldwide. Which is the correct option for a country? The facts should drive the decisions for any given country. Since no one-size-fits-all solution exists, analysis should include data from many countries. Research should be funded, used to make decisions, and considered important due to the cost ramifications.

Information and Literature Review

Brief Summary of the Literature on the Subject

According to author Russ Richmond (2013),
Rising costs are at the heart of the cost challenges that are prevalent in health care. Healthcare reform was designed, in part to help alleviate this persistent cost problem, but much work still needs to be done to fully understand the true costs of health care. (p. 90)
This section will analyze the costs associated with an inpatient hospital stay. The total charges, along with the individual department charges, will be analyzed.
Hospitals estimate in different ways the costs involved in an inpatient stay. According to Richmond (2013), ratios of costs to charges is one of the ways a hospital can estimate patient costs. Richmond discusses the use of ratios and highlights how the use of ratios can cause hospitals to overestimate the profitability of specific services, such as orthopedic procedures. In the article, the author shares a four-step process for hospitals to use to better estimate patient costs. The process takes time and the ability to utilize analytical data to better project costs. Using data can help a hospital determine whether a physician is efficiently using resources, which directly impacts the cost of care to the patient. Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: You may want to decide whether or not to require a page number or location information in any work cited in a graduate level paper. For example, DOL students must include page or paragraph numbers or section information to help readers locate quoted or paraphrased information easily.

The Publication Manual includes this quotation on page 269: “Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the author and year when it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work (e.g., a book).” Comment by Snider, Joseph: Page numbers or sections not added here but if a direct quote it would be.

Systematic Review of the Literature

Summary and Relevance of the Literature to the Problem or Questions. The research involves 1387 patients at a geriatric hospital. The gender and principal payer are categorical, with values having text values. The age, length of stay, and total charges are numeric variables and can be used for hypothesis testing and regression scatterplots.
The analysis being proposed is one of looking at length of stay and charges. The impact of gender is also being analyzed. As discussed earlier, health care costs are high and growing, which makes measuring and analyzing data essential to improving efficiency and effectiveness.

Thematic Findings in Literature as Applied to the Topic. Costs for health care are high and continually increasing. Reducing costs while maintaining quality is important and should be balanced. Monitoring length of stay is important in to minimize it.

Key Definitions. Length of stay (LOS) is a key measure, and bed census is affected when LOS is not managed effectively.

Ethical Ethical Consideration from the Literature Review. Gathering data involves a lot of work to capture, clean, and store the data in a usable format. People are often overcharged for services. Many people have experienced this on a personal level; Ppaying even 20% of the service charges can affect a household. Deciding what services to provide and at what cost can be an ethical dilemma for healthcare offices to resolve. Do providers pay for new equipment knowing that care would improve but so would costs to patients?

When dealing with the health of people, ethical guidelines for human being research have to be enforced. Research must be voluntary, and data must be de-identified for privacy concerns. Large sample sizes would help to add credibility to the results.

Descriptive Statistics
This section will analyze the following questions:
· What is the breakdown by age of males and females?
· Do men or women spend more time (length in days) in the hospital?
· Do men or women pay more for their stay in the hospital?
· Do men and women use the same principal payers?

Table 1

Types of Variables in the Data Set

Variable

Variable Type

Length of Stay in Days

Numerical, Discrete, Ratio Scale

Patient Age

Numerical, Discrete, Ratio Scale

Sex

Categorical, Nominal Scale

Variable

Variable Type

Principal Payer

Categorical, Nominal Scale

Total Charges During Hospital Stay

Numerical, Continuous, Ratio Scale

To describe the raw data, our attention turns to some statistics related to the variables being used in the research (Length of Stay in Days, Patient Age, Sex, and Principal Payer). The following table (Table 2) presents the descriptive statistics on the variables being researched. The sample size (N=138) was used to calculate the summary information in Table 2.

Table 2 Comment by Wise, Jay: Consider including a Table note to remind the reader of the population, N = 137. Also, this table should use accepted abbreviations for statistical measures like the Mean, Median, and Standard Deviation. See the Sample Tables on ages 210-224 of the APA Publication Manual for guidance.

You can find additional guidance in Table 6.5 Statistical Abbreviations and Symbols on pages 183-186.

Last, I recommend reviewing the information on pages 181-188, Statistical and Mathematical Copy, in case you need to make any changes to the narrative (text) explanations. Comment by Snider, Joseph: N=138 provided in a new sentence.

Descriptive Statistics

Gender

Mean

Median

Standard
Deviation

Length of Stay in Days

M

4.92

5

2.31

F

5.31

5

2.39

Patient Age

M

78.1

80

8.94

F

77.6

78.5

9.38

Total Charges during Hospital Stay

M

8978.08

8907

885

F

8789.93

8794

729

Table 2 shows that the mean length of stay in days for women is slightly higher. Patient age has a mean of 77.6–78.1 for females and males. The minimum amount of time spent in the hospital was zero days up to the maximum of 12 days. “Prior research has shown that ALOS [average length of stay] is related to cost, efficiency, quality of care, and speed in service delivery (Ashby et al., 2000; Glick et al., 2003; Thomas et al., 1997; Burns et al., 1994)” (as cited in Stock & McDermott, 2011, p. 144).
Total charges average $8,978.08 for men and $8,789.93 for women, which is slightly lower. The standard deviation for length of stay is 2.31 days for men and 2.39 days for women.
The standard deviation for age is about one eighth of the mean for both men and women, and total charges about one tenth for men and a little less for women. There is not a big difference in variation between men and women.

Descriptive Graphs

Figure 1 Comment by Wise, Jay: Consider including a Figure note to give essential information. The APA Manual has excellent sample figures on pages 234-250. There is a Sample Bar Graph on page 234 that may be helpful.

These comments apply to all figures included in this paper. Comment by Snider, Joseph: All charts in the paper have a Figure heading now.

Length of Stay by Gender

Figure 1 shows that the shape of the column charts is similar for men and women, but more females than males stay seven to eight days, and fewer women than men stay one to two days. Both distributions are heavily loaded towards the front, indicating right skewness. The majority of the values are eight days or less for length of stay.

Figure 2

Age by Gender

Figure 2 shows that the shape of the column charts is similar for men and women, with only a slight difference of being higher for females. Both distributions are heavily loaded towards the higher end, indicating left skewness. The majority of the age values are 60 and up, which is expected for a geriatric hospital study set of data.

Figure 3

Total Charges by Gender

Figure 3 shows that the shape of the column charts is similar for men and women, with some charges for males existing in the $8,500 to $11,000 range. Both distributions are heavily loaded towards the lower end, indicating right skew.. The majority of the charges are $1,000 to $11,000. Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Note the two periods at the end of this sentence. Remind students to use both Grammarly and Word’s Spelling & Grammar check tool.

Figure 4 Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Figure 4 needs a figure note and explanation for each acronym. Comment by Snider, Joseph: Added acronym definitions under the chart.

Primary Payer Percentages

Figure 4 shows various payer types (OGVT=Other Government Program, BC=Blue Cross, CAID=Medicaid, CARE=Medicare, HMO=Health Maintenance Organization, INS=Private Insurance, OTHR=Other Form of Payment, SELF=Private Pay), and that most of the payments for all patients are through Medicare, which is expected since people over 60 become eligible for those benefits as the patients age. Medicaid and Blue Cross are the other percentages that make up the largest portion of the payments. Table 3 below shows there is not much difference between genders on which payers are used other than self, insurance, and HMO.

Table 3
Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Table 3 should have an accompanying table note that explains each acronym, too. Comment by Snider, Joseph: Added the appropriate acronym definitions under the table.

Count of Primary Payers by Gender

Gender

BC

CAID

CARE

HMO

INS

OGVT

OTHR

SELF

Grand Total

F

13

3

31

9

1

1

16

74

M

3

22

16

15

8

64

Grand Total

16

25

47

9

16

1

8

16

138

The payer types are (OGVT=Other Government Program, BC=Blue Cross, CAID=Medicaid, CARE=Medicare, HMO=Health Maintenance Organization, INS=Private Insurance, OTHR=Other Form of Payment, SELF=Private Pay).

Project Analysis

Analysis of the Literature Review Research Findings

Simple Linear Regression Analysis

Is there a correlation between drug charges and age? This question will be answered using simple linear regression.

Figure 5

Scatterplot of Drug Charges Based on Age

Figure 5 shows a slightly downupward slope, calculated to be -3.8068, and a relationship strength measured by R2 r-squared is= .0064. The plot points on the scatterplot look random, and the R2 r-squared =value of .0064 is extremely low. This means there is almost no relationship or correlation between drug charges and age. Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: See the comment above with page numbers for statistical copy. Review APA Style guidelines for narrative (written) statistical data. Comment by Snider, Joseph: R square is now R with superscript of 2.

Single Sample Hypothesis Test of the Mean

The research claim that will be answered using one sample hypothesis testing is that the population mean for total charges is $10,000.

Table 4 Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Review the Publication Manual’s Table Examples for statistical copy. For example, Table 7.8 on page 214 provides sample results for multiple t tests. Table 7.13 provides a sample Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) table. These tables may reflect APA Style more accurately than Table 4. Comment by Snider, Joseph: The tables are a screen shot of the actual templates provided for the student to perform the analysis. No change could be made here due to that.

Hypothesis Test Using a t Test for the Mean

The hypothesis analysis in Table 4 shows the sample input values of:
· The hypothesis value of $10,000 for the mean of total charges
· The sample mean of $8,882.64
· The sample standard deviation of $812.26
· The sample size Nof = 138
It also shows the lower critical values of -1.9774 and +1.9774, and a t =test statistic of 16.1599. There are two methods for making a judgment. The first is when the critical value method compares the t test statistic against the lower and upper critical values. If outside those values, the null hypothesis is rejected. The second method is based on the p-value; if it is lower than the level of significance of .05, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Chi-Square Analysis of Age and Principal PayerGender

Are age and genderprincipal payer independent of each other? This question will be answered using chi-square testing.

Table 5
Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Table 7.7 on page 214 gives a Sample Chi-Square Analysis Table. Comment by Snider, Joseph: Table is an example of a screen shot of the actual tool used – anything else would not be correct.

Chi-Square Test of Age and Gender (Independence Test)

Table 5 shows a chi-square analysis of age versus gender for a test of independence. The null hypothesis is that the variables are independent. The alternate hypothesis is that the variables are dependent. The level of significance is .05, and the p-value is .9255. Since the p-value is higher than the level of significance, the null hypothesis is not rejected. The other way to determine judgment is to compare the chi-square test statistic of .0087 to the critical value of 3.8415; the chi-square value would have to be greater than the critical value to reject the null hypothesis. Hence, the null hypothesis that the age and gender are independent is not rejected.

Project Summary

Conclusions

The cost of an inpatient hospital stay is expensive. The charges a patient accumulates during their hospital stay increases each day they remain in care. There is no correlation between the age and drug charges of the patients in the hospital. The age and gender were also determined to be statistically independent variables.

Specific Recommendations
A Pareto analysis would be useful to determine major factors of cost. Is it rampant law suits? Is it poor preventive health? Are repeat visits common? One recommendation is to collect different types of data to facilitate this type of defect research. Another recommendation is to add highly qualified nursing staff’s comments into a qualitative report.

Suggestions for Future Research
Research by state and in other countries is warranted since the impacts can be on personal, company, and political finances. Additionally, gathering more information on each patient, like eating habits, blood pressure, diabetes history, medications, and income level, could add greatly to the analysis and subsequent decision making.
Ethical Considerations
When dealing with the health of people, ethical guidelines for human being research have to be enforced. Research must be voluntary, and data must be de-identified for privacy concerns. Large sample sizes would help to add credibility to the results.

References
Chandra, C., Kumar, S., & Ghildayal, N. S. (2011). Hospital cost structure in the USA: What’s behind the costs? A business case. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 24(4), 314–28. https://doi.org/10.1108/09526861111125624 Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: I changed the DOI format to reflect APA 7th Edition preferences. See the table on page 316 of the Publication Manual. Comment by Snider, Joseph: You fixed it.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.) Geriatrics. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved date, February 24, 2016, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geriatric
Richmond, R. (2013, March). A better approach to cost estimation. Healthcare Financial Management: Journal of the Healthcare Financial Management Association, 67(3), 86–90. http://0-search.proquest.com.oak.indwes.edu/docview/1426765943
Stock, G. N., & McDermott, C. (2011, May 24). Operational and contextual drivers of hospital costs. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 25(2), 142–58. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777261111134392

Appendix A

Data Set Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Consider formatting this data set similarly to Table 7.2 Sample Demographics Characteristic Table, page 210 of the 7th Edition APA Publication Manual.

Also note the label error: Total Chges vs. Total Charges Comment by Snider, Joseph: This matches the spreadsheet provided which has Chges vs Charges spelled out.

Table 6

Raw Data Set of Patients and Costs

LOS

Age

Sex

Principal Payer

Total Chges

Drug Charges

Lab Charges

3

78

F

CARE

$ 5,418.85

$ 68.70

$ 273.50

3

74

F

CARE

$ 4,575.10

$ 58.65

$ 439.50

11

89

M

CARE

$ 12,031.18

$ 230.28

$ 816.50

3

81

M

CARE

$ 3,617.84

$ 142.89

$ 387.00

9

87

F

CARE

$ 12,806.88

$ 889.23

$ 795.50

3

65

CARE

$ 5,295.55

$ 102.50

$ 837.00

3

90

M

CARE

$ 3,453.21

$ 122.15

$ 323.00

3

61

M

BC

$ 1,760.03

$ 161.18

$ 35.00

3

90

F

CARE

$ 3,290.40

$ 235.65

$ 243.00

5

78

M

CARE

$ 6,253.65

$ 103.05

$ 487.50

3

78

F

CARE

$ 3,896.16

$ 229.06

$ 222.00

2

71

M

CARE

$ 1,795.35

$ 52.05

$ 58.00

3

76

M

CARE

$ 9,265.17

$ 211.37

$1,626.50

3

76

F

CARE

$ 3,282.90

$ 298.40

$ 381.50

5

79

F

CARE

$ 9,565.83

$ 477.03

$ 974.00

3

72

M

CARE

$ 3,782.15

$ 166.85

$ 345.00

4

72

M

CARE

$ 6,384.28

$ 342.98

$ 644.85

3

64

M

CARE

$ 4,904.25

$ 208.65

$ 768.00

2

72

F

CARE

$ 4,169.92

$ 545.15

$ 375.50

3

69

F

CARE

$ 5,204.41

$ 510.01

$ 870.50

4

63

M

HMO

$ 6,740.00

$ 480.20

$1,091.50

1

78

M

CARE

$ 5,016.44

$ 401.44

$ 630.00

2

83

M

CARE

$ 4,178.94

$ 604.49

$ 433.50

3

62

F

OTHR

$ 4,105.26

$ 90.46

$ 222.00

4

71

M

CARE

$ 4,717.30

$ 120.90

$ 496.00

6

83

F

CARE

$ 6,598.92

$ 380.17

$ 386.00

2

63

F

OTHR

$ 1,633.85

$ 20.85

$ 207.00

1

83

M

CARE

$ 2,200.85

$ 21.00

$ 176.00

4

76

F

CARE

$ 7,461.54

$ 508.34

$1,082.50

5

79

M

CARE

$ 11,413.23

$ 1,149.88

$1,335.50

3

65

M

CARE

$ 5,607.55

$ 230.50

$ 969.35

2

79

M

CARE

$ 4,850.62

$ 172.52

$ 867.00

4

74

M

CARE

$ 7,102.49

$ 259.09

$ 881.00

15

63

M

OGVT

$ 13,615.69

$ 438.84

$1,930.00

3

84

M

CARE

$ 5,069.18

$ 282.90

$ 476.50

6

90

F

CARE

$ 6,536.07

$ 122.85

$ 651.00

4

73

F

CARE

$ 7,401.25

$ 216.90

$ 971.50

2

81

M

CARE

$ 3,744.34

$ 176.24

$ 394.00

5

75

F

CARE

$ 8,653.68

$ 246.63

$ 859.00

9

87

F

CARE

$ 14,423.21

$ 527.63

$2,138.00

3

70

M

CARE

$ 3,742.30

$ 112.95

$ 396.50

3

73

F

CARE

$ 5,514.09

$ 368.34

$ 874.50

5

77

M

CARE

$ 7,390.15

$ 331.25

$ 696.00

5

71

M

CARE

$ 9,358.20

$ 491.35

$1,223.50

7

76

M

CARE

$ 14,570.29

$ 286.74

$1,090.00

4

49

F

CAID

$ 4,526.43

$ 203.98

$ 378.50

6

78

F

CARE

$ 6,846.77

$ 162.57

$ 657.50

2

86

M

CARE

$ 2,927.62

$ 145.42

$ 606.50

3

67

M

CARE

$ 4,404.13

$ 161.78

$ 630.00

6

69

M

CARE

$ 8,056.36

$ 331.66

$ 642.00

8

73

F

CARE

$ 10,703.34

$ 618.64

$1,297.50

4

88

F

CARE

$ 16,458.95

$ 813.55

$1,050.50

5

67

M

INS

$ 4,770.10

$ 236.30

$ 747.00

8

69

M

CARE

$ 15,282.57

$ 1,704.77

$1,860.00

7

77

M

CARE

$ 10,105.30

$ 597.30

$1,251.00

8

64

F

CAID

$ 7,871.29

$ 606.64

$ 550.00

3

76

M

CARE

$ 3,411.10

$ 124.70

$ 356.50

12

64

F

CAID

$ 10,962.17

$ 712.67

$ 697.00

2

41

M

SELF

$ 7,374.27

$ 361.47

$ 600.50

5

49

M

CAID

$ 7,788.51

$ 478.85

$ 610.00

5

59

M

BC

$ 8,191.10

$ 661.65

$ 800.00

3

81

M

CARE

$ 11,117.35

$ 142.35

$ 318.00

2

74

F

CARE

$ 5,624.54

$ 149.69

$ 542.00

4

77

F

CARE

$ 4,574.92

$ 159.82

$ 186.50

3

78

F

CARE

$ 3,644.36

$ 126.46

$ 220.50

2

73

F

CARE

$ 2,937.92

$ 50.67

$ 268.00

6

67

M

INS

$ 3,944.78

$ 602.98

$ 462.00

3

80

M

CARE

$ 6,366.10

$ 169.15

$1,130.00

3

77

F

CARE

$ 4,992.01

$ 148.66

$ 569.50

4

73

F

CARE

$ 6,929.35

$ 679.25

$1,286.50

5

67

M

CARE

$ 5,595.42

$ 582.56

$ 714.00

3

86

M

CARE

$ 3,466.70

$ 78.15

$ 408.50

7

82

F

CARE

$ 7,289.77

$ 162.77

$ 821.50

7

84

F

CARE

$ 6,375.95

$ 275.30

$1,692.50

3

73

F

BC

$ 3,585.62

$ 276.29

$ 578.00

4

82

M

CARE

$ 5,970.45

$ 156.45

$ 711.50

8

62

F

CARE

$ 10,578.14

$ 696.94

$1,329.35

2

84

M

CARE

$ 2,223.60

$ 36.25

$ 229.00

3

89

F

CARE

$ 2,250.50

$ 182.70

$ 205.50

1

84

M

CARE

$ 1,644.55

$ 19.40

$ 142.00

4

81

F

CARE

$ 2,491.45

$ 84.45

$ 114.00

3

81

F

CARE

$ 1,691.50

$ 10.45

$ 114.00

6

78

M

CARE

$ 7,931.92

$ 746.06

$ 707.00

5

84

F

CARE

$ 5,121.97

$ 479.99

$ 981.35

5

37

M

BC

$ 6,940.75

$ 768.55

$1,791.50

7

62

M

BC

$ 12,088.08

$ 592.43

$ 971.80

1

80

F

CARE

$ 2,325.60

$ 101.50

$ 440.50

2

80

F

CARE

$ 4,452.78

$ 160.38

$ 276.50

4

73

M

CARE

$ 6,157.43

$ 193.61

$ 540.50

11

80

F

CARE

$ 21,474.90

$ 1,420.14

$2,302.00

3

80

F

CARE

$ 8,566.51

$ 446.11

$1,393.50

2

80

F

CARE

$ 4,910.27

$ 307.97

$ 707.00

1

81

F

CARE

$ 3,275.03

$ 152.28

$ 414.50

4

39

M

CAID

$ 12,080.81

$ 708.40

$ 971.50

6

86

M

CARE

$ 7,436.85

$ 242.70

$ 700.50

8

79

M

CARE

$ 15,624.20

$ 462.40

$2,372.00

4

87

M

CARE

$ 4,590.48

$ 414.40

$ 966.00

2

53

F

CARE

$ 3,232.63

$ 200.90

$ 320.00

3

83

F

CARE

$ 3,768.11

$ 216.01

$ 312.50

7

80

F

CARE

$ 9,862.26

$ 432.36

$1,504.00

7

79

F

CARE

$ 10,626.42

$ 449.47

$1,011.40

4

72

F

CARE

$ 6,967.99

$ 176.89

$1,062.00

3

77

F

CARE

$ 5,891.25

$ 260.65

$1,215.50

3

81

F

CARE

$ 4,756.91

$ 104.66

$ 893.50

9

67

F

OTHR

$ 8,096.93

$ 473.98

$ 862.50

4

80

M

CARE

$ 4,620.59

$ 178.59

$ 535.00

6

67

F

OTHR

$ 5,796.49

$ 472.74

$1,007.00

1

88

M

CARE

$ 1,483.39

$ 30.34

$ 172.00

1

88

F

CARE

$ 2,510.05

$ 82.45

$ 485.00

6

92

F

CARE

$ 10,185.83

$ 403.13

$1,054.50

3

85

F

CARE

$ 3,391.90

$ 49.60

$ 588.50

5

85

M

CARE

$ 8,418.13

$ 281.48

$ 758.00

3

80

M

CARE

$ 4,346.47

$ 108.11

$ 411.00

2

98

F

CARE

$ 2,043.85

$ 49.20

$ 214.00

3

74

F

CARE

$ 2,594.85

$ 131.60

$ 496.00

5

77

M

CARE

$ 5,499.36

$ 153.91

$ 289.50

9

53

F

CARE

$ 11,244.45

$ 500.30

$ 657.00

7

93

M

CARE

$ 6,565.55

$ 710.00

$ 725.00

4

83

F

CARE

$ 6,031.15

$ 294.60

$1,313.00

7

80

M

CARE

$ 4,912.76

$ 468.01

$ 333.50

3

79

M

CARE

$ 6,182.45

$ 234.85

$ 843.50

3

87

F

CARE

$ 4,218.95

$ 183.45

$ 309.50

16

59

M

CARE

$ 40,231.27

$ 2,768.32

$4,618.00

3

81

F

CARE

$ 3,608.95

$ 290.77

$ 457.50

4

94

F

CARE

$ 3,041.44

$ 109.59

$ 484.00

1

33

F

CAID

$ 1,581.93

$ 141.78

$ 539.50

2

78

F

CARE

$ 1,468.48

$ 175.18

$ –

2

29

F

CARE

$ 2,294.55

$ –

$ 209.00

2

80

F

CARE

$ 7,138.72

$ 402.98

$1,317.50

3

63

F

INS

$ 3,845.96

$ 182.31

$ 443.00

4

86

M

CARE

$ 5,355.23

$ 376.34

$ 890.90

4

96

M

CARE

$ 4,573.05

$ 563.40

$1,310.00

5

89

M

CARE

$ 5,023.11

$ 272.51

$1,039.50

5

80

M

CARE

$ 4,238.30

$ 112.15

$ 654.75

5

55

F

CAID

$ 6,885.73

$ 351.58

$ 838.50

5

73

M

CARE

$ 5,447.63

$ 224.98

$ 660.00

7

67

F

CARE

$ 6,257.66

$ 349.81

$ 761.85

2

75

M

CARE

$ 4,601.00

$ 655.64

$1,008.00

Appendix B

Pictures of Analysis Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: The information in this appendix should be broken out by Table and Figure as appropriate. Please see my earlier comments for possible table formats that you can use. Comment by Snider, Joseph: All Tables and Figures now have headings.

Figure 6

Scatterplot of Drug Charges Based on Age

Table 7

Chi-Square Test of Age and Gender (Independence Test)

Table 8

Chi-Square Test of Age and Gender (Independence Test) Pivot Table

Table 9

Chi-Square Test of Age and Gender (Independence Test) Analysis Data Entry

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